K.+The+Civil+War+and+Reconstruction

Read the following chapters of the __American Pageant:__

__Chapter 20__ __Chapter 21__ __Chapter 22__

__Election of 1860__

Four Candidates: 1. Abraham Lincoln - Republican Party 2. Stephen Douglas - Northern Democrats 3. John C. Breckenridge - Southern Democrats (Northern and Southern Democrats split apart when Northerners supported Douglas whom Southerners saw as a traitor to slavery) 4. John Bell - Constitutional Union Party (formed from former Whigs and Know-Nothings)

Lincoln got only 40% of the popular vote, but, because of how divided the rest of the country was, that was enough to win the Electoral College. South Carolina had promised to secede if a Republican got elected, and they did so a month after the election. They were joined by Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas within the next two months and met to create the Confederate States of America (CSA). The Civil War formally began at Fort Sumter in mid-April, 1861. Following that battle, Virgina, Arkansas, North Carolina & Tennessee all seceded between April and June, bringing the number of states in the CSA to eleven.

Civil War Overview - YouTube Crash Course Civil War





The Civil War on Shmoop

CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION, 1860-1877

Things to Know: 1. Outbreak of the Civil War - pattern of secession after Lincoln’s election - relative strengths and weaknesses of the North and South at the outbreak of the war

2. The Civil War, 1861-1865 - military strategy and major battles - economic impact of the war on the North and South - response to war in Europe - Emancipation Proclamation—position of African-Americans during the war - Results of the War

3. Reconstruction - Lincoln’s views on treatment of the South - difference between Congressional and Presidential Reconstruction - implementation of Reconstruction - status of former slaves - national politics and the end of Reconstruction



Secession and Civil War Overview

Overview of Reconstruction





KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS __Fort Sumter__- Fort which guarded Charleston, SC. Sight of the start of the Civil War __Jefferson Davis__ - President of the Confederacy __Anaconda Plan__ - Union's plan for defeating the South. The Union planned a blockade that would not allow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control the Mississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico __U. S. Grant -__ Union General who led the US to final victory in the Civil War __Robert E. Lee__ - Supreme commander of Southern forces during the Civil War __George McClellan__ - two time commander of Union troops during the Civil War __Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson__ - Very successful Confederate General during the Civil War __Matthew Brady__ - Photographer made famous by his work during the Civil War __Morrill Land Grant Act__ - the groundbreaking legislation signed by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862 that created the nation’s land-grant university system. __Pacific Railroad Act__ - was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 1, 1862. This act provided Federal government support for the building of the first transcontinental railroad, which was completed on May 10, 1869. __National Bank Act__ - The National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864 were attempts to assert some degree of federal control over the banking system without the formation of another central bank. The Act had three primary purposes: (1) create a system of national banks, (2) to create a uniform national currency, and (3) to create an active secondary market for Treasury securities to help finance the Civil War (for the Union's side). __Wade-Davis Bill__ - of 1864 was a program proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical Republicans, Sen. Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Rep.Henry Davis of Maryland. In contrast to President Lincoln's more lenient Ten Percent Plan, the bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad Oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy. The bill passed both houses of Congress on July 2, 1864, but was pocket vetoed by Lincoln and never took effect. __John Wilkes Booth__ - man who assassinated Abraham Lincoln __Thirteenth Amendment__ - Formally abolishing slavery in the United States; passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the states on December 6, 1865. __Fourteenth Amendment -__ ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed. In addition, it forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” __Fifteenth Amendment -__ granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Ratified on February 3, 1870 __Civil Rights Act of 1866__ -The Civil Rights Act of 1866 granted citizenship and the same rights enjoyed by white citizens to all male persons in the United States "without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude." President Andrew Johnson's veto of the bill was overturned by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress, and the bill became law. Johnson's attitude contributed the growth of the Radical Republican movement, which favored increased intervention in the South and more aid to former slaves, and ultimately to Johnson's impeachment __Andrew Johnson__ - President who succeeded Lincoln and the beginning of Reconstruction __Reconstruction Acts (1867)__ - supplemented later by three related acts, divided the South (except Tennessee) into five military districts in which the authority of the army commander was supreme. __tenant farming__ - replaced the slave-based agricultural system in the south, enabled farm laborers to rent ground from landowners for a percentage of crops (called crop rent) or cash payments (called cash rent). __Ku Klux Klan -__ secret society which expanded during Reconstruction primarily to oppose the extension of rights to blacks following the Civil War, but also was anti-Semite and Nativist. __Force Acts__ -They were criminal codes which protected African-Americans’ right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws passed between 1870-1871 as enforcement provisions of the 14th Amendmenet __election of 1876-__ The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed presidential elections in American history. Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes' 165, with 20 votes uncounted. These 20 electoral votes were in dispute: in three states (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina), each party reported its candidate had won the state, while in Oregon one elector was declared illegal (as an "elected or appointed official") and replaced. The 20 disputed electoral votes were ultimately awarded to Hayes after a bitter legal and political battle, giving him the victory. Many historians believe that an informal deal was struck to resolve the dispute: the Compromise of 1877. In return for the Democrats' acquiescence in Hayes' election, the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS __Black codes__ - Passed by state legislatures in 1865-1866; granted former slaves right to marry, sue, testify in court, and hold property but with significant qualifications.

__Border states__ - Slave states—Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri—that remained loyal to the Union; the secession of these states would have considerably strengthened the South.

__Carpetbaggers__ - Derogatory term for Northern Republicans who were involved in Southern politics during Radical Reconstruction.

__Compromise of 1877__ -Rutherford B. Hayes and other Republicans agreed that U. S. Troops would be withdrawn from the South, agreed to appoint a Southerner to the Cabinet, and pledged federal projects to the South in return for an end to Democratic opposition to official counting of the electoral votes for the disputed election of 1876.

__Copperheads__ -Northern Democrats, also known as Peace Democrats, who opposed Lincoln’s war policies and were concerned with the growth of presidential power. In the election of 1864, General George McClellan was nominated by the Democrats with their support.

__Draft riots__ - Mob violence opposing conscription laws during the Civil War; the most violent occurred in New York City (July 1863).

__Freedmen’s Bureau__ - Agency created by Congress as the war ended to assist Civil War refugees and freed former slaves.

__Ironclads__ - Wooden ships with metal armor that were employed by both sides during the Civil War.

__Presidential Reconstruction__ - Put forward by Andrew Johnson, it included repeal of ordinances of secession, repudiation of Confederate debts, and ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. By the end of 1865, only Texas had failed to meet these terms.

__Radical Reconstruction__ - Provided for dividing states into military districts with military commanders to oversee voter registration that included adult African-American males for state conventions; state conventions to draft constitutions that provided for suffrage for black men; state legislatures to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.

__Scalawags__ - Term used to describe Southern white Republicans who had opposed secession.

__Sharecropping__ - Common form of farming for freed slaves in the South; received a small plot of land, seed, fertilizer, tools from the landlord who decided what and how much should be planted; landlord usually took half of the harvest.

__“Ten-Percent Plan”__ - Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 1863) provided that new state government could be established in the South when ten percent of the qualified voters in 1860 took an oath of loyalty.